In 1999 the US Center for Disease Control
(CDC) released a glowing report on the fluoridation of public water
supplies, citing the procedure as one of the century’s great public
health successes.1
Ironically, the same report hints that
the alleged benefit from fluorides may not be due to ingestion:
“Fluoride’s caries-preventive properties initially were attributed to
changes in enamel during tooth development because of the association
between fluoride and cosmetic changes in enamel and a belief that
fluoride incorporated into enamel during tooth development would result
in a more acid-resistant mineral.”
The CDC report then acknowledges new
studies which indicate that the effects are “topical” rather than
“systemic.” “However, laboratory and epidemiologic research suggests
that fluoride prevents dental caries predominately after eruption of the
tooth into the mouth, and its actions primarily are topical for both
adults and children.”
The obvious question is this: How can the
CDC consider the addition of fluoride to public water supplies to be a
public health success while admitting at the same time that fluoride’s
benefits are not “systemic,” in other words, are not obtained from
drinking it?
The truth, now becoming increasingly
evident, is that fluoridation and the proclaimed benefit of fluoride as a
way of preventing dental decay is perhaps the greatest “scientific”
fraud ever perpetrated upon an unsuspecting public.
Even worse, the relentless promotion of
fluoride as a “dental benefit” is responsible for the huge neglect in
proper assessment of its toxicity, an issue that has become a major
concern for many nations. As there is no substance as biochemically
active in the human organism as fluoride, excessive total intake of
fluoride compounds might well be contributing to many diseases currently
afflicting mankind, particularly those involving thyroid dysfunction.
In the United States, most citizens are kept entirely ignorant of any
adverse effect that might occur from exposure to fluorides. Dental
fluorosis, the first visible sign that fluoride poisoning has occurred,
is declared a mere “cosmetic effect” by the dental profession, although
the “biochemical events which result in dental fluorosis are still
unknown.”2,3,4 The quantity of fluoride needed to prevent caries but avoid dental fluorosis is also unknown.5
What is Fluoride?
Fluoride is any combination of elements
containing the fluoride ion. In its elemental form, fluorine is a pale
yellow, highly toxic and corrosive gas. In nature, fluorine is found
combined with minerals as fluorides. It is the most chemically active
nonmetallic element of all the elements and also has the most reactive
electro-negative ion. Because of this extreme reactivity, fluorine is
never found in nature as an uncombined element.
Fluorine is a member of group VIIa of the
periodic table. It readily displaces other halogens–such as chlorine,
bromine and iodine–from their mineral salts. With hydrogen it forms
hydrogen fluoride gas which, in a water solution, becomes hydrofluoric
acid.
There was no US commercial production of
fluorine before World War II. A requirement for fluorine in the
processing of uranium ores, needed for the atomic bomb, prompted its
manufacture.6
Fluorine compounds or fluorides are
listed by the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR) as among the top 20 of 275 substances that pose the most
significant threat to human health.7 In Australia, the
National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) recently considered 400 substances
for inclusion on the NPI reporting list. A risk ranking was given based
on health and environmental hazard identification and human and
environmental exposure to the substance. Some substances were grouped
together at the same rank to give a total of 208 ranks. Fluoride
compounds were ranked 27th out of the 208 ranks.8
Fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine
have been found in at least 130, 19, and 28 sites, respectively, of
1,334 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA).9 Consequently, under the provisions
of the Superfund Act (CRECLA, 1986), a compilation of information about
fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine and their effects on health
was required. This publication appeared in 1993.9
Fluorides are cumulative toxins. The fact
that fluorides accumulate in the body is the reason that US law
requires the Surgeon General to set a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
for fluoride content in public water supplies as determined by the EPA.
This requirement is specifically aimed at avoiding a condition known as
Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis (CSF), a disease thought to progress
through three stages. The MCL, designed to prevent only the third and
crippling stage of this disease, is set at 4ppm or 4mg per liter. It is
assumed that people will retain half of this amount (2mg), and therefore
4mg per liter is deemed “safe.” Yet a daily dose of 2-8mg is known to
cause the third crippling stage of CSF.10,11
In 1998 EPA scientists, whose job and
legal duty it is to set the Maximum Contaminant Level, declared that
this 4ppm level was set fraudulently by outside forces in a decision
that omitted 90 percent of the data showing the mutagenic properties of
fluoride.12
The Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th Edition
(1984) gives lead a toxicity rating of 3 to 4 (3 = moderately toxic, 4 =
very toxic) and the EPA has set 0.015 ppm as the MCL for lead in
drinking water–with a goal of 0.0ppm. The toxicity rating for fluoride
is 4, yet the MCL for fluoride is currently set at 4.0ppm, over 250
times the permissable level for lead.
Water Fluoridation
In 1939 a dentist named H. Trendley Dean,
working for the U.S. Public Health Service, examined water from 345
communities inTexas. Dean determined that high concentrations of
fluoride in the water in these areas corresponded to a high incidence of
mottled teeth. This explained why dentists in the area found mottled
teeth in so many of their patients. Dean also claimed that there was a
lower incidence of dental cavities in communities having about 1 ppm
fluoride in the water supply. Among the native residents of these areas
about 10 percent developed the very mildest forms of mottled enamel
(“dental fluorosis”), which Dean and others described as “beautiful
white teeth.”
Dean’s report led to the initiation of
artificial fluoridation of drinking water at 1part-per-million (ppm) in
order to supply the “optimal dose” of 1mg fluoride per day–assuming that
drinking four glasses of water every day would duplicate Dean’s
“optimal” intake for most people. Now, according to the American Dental
Association, all people, rich or poor, could have “beautiful white
teeth” and be free of caries at the same time. After all, the benefits
of water fluoridation had been documented “beyond any doubt.”13
When other scientists investigated Dean’s
data, they did not reach the same conclusions. In fact, Dean had
engaged in “selective use of data,” using findings from 21 cities that
supported his case while completely disregarding data from 272 other
locations that did not show a correlation.14 In court cases Dean was forced to admit under oath that his data were invalid.15
In 1957 he had to admit at AMA hearings that even waters containing a
mere 0.1ppm (0.1 mg/l) could cause dental fluorosis, the first visible
sign of fluoride overdose.16 Moreover, there is not one single double-blind study to indicate that fluoridation is effective in reducing cavities.17
So What’s the Truth About Tooth Decay?
The truth is that more and more evidence shows that fluorides and dental fluorosis are actually associated with increased
tooth decay. The most comprehensive US review was carried out by the
National Institute of Dental Research on 39,000 school children aged
5-17 years.18 It showed no significant differences in terms
of DMF (decayed, missing and filled teeth). What it did show was that
high decay cities (66.5-87.5 percent) have 9.34 percent more decay in
the children who drink fluoridated water. Furthermore, a 5.4 percent
increase in students with decay was observed when 1 ppm fluoride was
added to the water supply. Nine fluoridated cities with high decay had
10 percent more decay than nine equivalent non-fluoridated cities.
The world’s largest study on dental
caries, which looked at 400,000 students, revealed that decay increased
27 percent with a 1ppm fluoride increase in drinking water.19 In Japan, fluoridation caused decay increases of 7 percent in 22,000 students,20 while in the US a decay increase of 43 percent occured in 29,000 students when 1ppm fluoride was added to drinking water.21
Dental Fluorosis: A “Cosmetic” Defect?
Dental fluorosis is a condition caused by
an excessive intake of fluorides, characterized mainly by mottling of
the enamel (which starts as “white spots”), although the bones and
virtually every organ might also be affected due to fluoride’s known
anti-thyroid characteristics. Dental fluorosis can only occur during the
stage of enamel formation and is therefore a sign that an overdose of
fluoride has occurred in a child during that period.
Dental fluorosis has been described as a
subsurface enamel hypomineralization, with porosity of the tooth
positively correlated with the degree of fluorosis.22 It is
characterized by diffuse opacities and under-mineralized enamel.
Although identical enamel defects occur in cases of thyroid dysfunction,
the dental profession describes the defect as merely “cosmetic” when it
is caused by exposure to fluoride.
What is now becoming apparent is that this “cosmetic” defect actually predisposes to tooth decay. In 1988 Duncan23 stated that hypoplastic defects have a strong potential to become carious. In 1989, Silberman,24
evaluating the same data on Head Start children, wrote that
“preliminary data indicate that the presence of primary canine
hypoplasia [enamel defects] may result in an increased potential for the
tooth becoming carious.” In 1996 Li 25 wrote that children
with enamel hypoplasia demonstrated a significantly higher caries
experience than those who did not have such defects and, further, that
the “presence of enamel hypoplasia may be a predisposing factor for
initiation and progression of dental caries, and a predictor of high
caries susceptibility in a community.” In 1996 Ellwood & O’Mullane26
stated that “developmental enamel defects may be useful markers of
caries susceptibility, which should be considered in the risk-benefit
assessment for use of fluoride.”
Currently up to 80 percent of US children
suffer from some degree of dental fluorosis, while in Canada the figure
is up to 71 percent. A prevalence of 80.9 percent was reported in
children 12-14 years old in Augusta, Georgia, the highest prevalence yet
reported in an “optimally” fluoridated community in the United States.
Moderate-to-severe fluorosis was found in 14 percent of the children.27
Before the push for fluoridation began, the dental profession recognized that fluorides were not beneficial but detrimental to dental health. In 1944, the Journal of the American Dental Association
reported: “With 1.6 to 4 ppm fluoride in the water, 50 percent or more
past age 24 have false teeth because of fluoride damage to their own.”28
The Wonder Nutrient?
On countless internet sites, fluoride is
proclaimed as the “wonder nutrient,” the “deficiency” symptom being
increased dental caries.29 It boggles the mind that a
cumulative toxin and toxic waste product can be described a “nutrient.”
Nevertheless, such claims are repeatedly made by pro-fluoridationists.30
On March 16, 1979, the FDA deleted
paragraphs 105.3(c) and 105.85(d)(4) of Federal Register documents which
had classified fluorine, among other substances, as “essential” or
“probably essential.” Since that time, nowhere in the Federal
Regulations is fluoride classified as “essential” or “probably
essential.” These deletions were the immediate result of 1978 Court
deliberations.31 No essential function for fluoride has ever been proven in humans.32,33,34,35,36
“Nature Thought of It First”
A popular slogan employed by the ADA and
other pro-fluoridation organizations is, “Nature thought of it first!”
The slogan creates the impression that the fluoridation compounds used
in water fluoridation are the same as those discovered many years ago in
the water in some areas of the US.37 The fluoride compound
in “naturally” fluoridated waters is calcium fluoride. Sodium fluoride, a
common fluoridation agent, dissolves easily in water, but calcium
fluoride does not.9
Animal studies performed by Kick and others in 1935 revealed that sodium fluoride was much more toxic than calcium fluoride.38
Even worse, toxicity was recorded for hydrofluorosilicic acid, the
compound now used in over 90 percent of fluoridation programs,
Hydrofluorosilicic acid is a direct byproduct of pollution
scrubbers used in the phosphate fertilizer and aluminum industries. Our
government adds it to water supplies even though it is also involved in
getting rid of its own stockpile of fluoride compounds left over from
years and years of stockpiling fluorides for use in the process of
refining uranium for nuclear power and weapons.39
In the Kick study, less than 2 percent of
calcium fluoride was absorbed and this was excreted quantitatively in
the urine. But even calcium fluoride is not benign. As the animals given
calcium fluoride also developed mottled teeth, it was clear that such
compounds could produce changes on the teeth merely by passing through
the body, and not by being “stored in a tooth” or anywhere else. No
calcium fluoride was retained.
In 1946 Samuel Chase, one of the authors
of the Kick study, became president of the International Association for
Dental Research (IADR). This organization promoted the idea that only
the fluoride ion in the various fluoridation compounds was of
importance. Yet he well knew that sodium fluoride did not behave like
calcium fluoride. Unlike calcium fluoride, sodium fluoride was retained
in great amounts in the body and was very toxic. Rock phosphate and
hydro-fluorosilicic acid experiments yielded the same information.
New areas with “natural” fluoride are
appearing all over the world, as now all areas not “artificially”
fluoridated are considered “natural.” The problem is that this “natural”
fluoride is the result of direct water and soil contamination from
petrochemical land treatment, uncontrolled fertilizer use, pesticide
applications, ground water contamination from industrial waste sites,
rocket fuel “burial grounds,” and so forth. Suddenly we have “natural”
fluorides showing up in areas previously deemed “fluoride deficient”!
Total Intake
It is well established that it is TOTAL
fluoride intake from ALL sources which must be considered for any
adverse health effect evaluation.40,41,42 This includes
intake by ingestion, inhalation and absorption through the skin. In
1971, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated: “In the assessment of
the safety of a water supply with respect to the fluoride concentration,
the total daily fluoride intake by the individual must be considered.”41
Exposure to airborne fluorides from many diverse manufacturing
processes–pesticide applications, phosphate fertilizer production,
aluminum smelting, uranium enrichment facilities, coal-burning and
nuclear power plants, incinerators, glass etching, petroleum refining
and vehicle emissions–can be considerable.
In addition, many people consume
fluorine-based medications such as Prozac, which greatly adds to
fluoride’s anti-thyroid effects. ALL fluoride compounds–organic and
inorganic–have been shown to exert anti-thyroid effects, often
potentiating fluoride effects many fold.43
Household exposures to fluorides can
occur with the use of Teflon pans, fluorine-based products, insecticides
sprays and even residual airborne fluorides from fluoridated drinking
water. Decision-makers at 3M Corporation recently announced a phase-out
of Scotchgard products after discovering that the product’s primary
ingredient–a fluorinated compound called perfluorooctanyl sulfonate
(PFOS)–was found in all tested blood bank examinations.44 3M’s research showed that the substance had strong tendencies to persist and bioaccumulate in animal and human tissue.
In 1991 the US Public Health Service
issued a report stating that the range in total daily fluoride intake
from water, dental products, beverages and food items exceeded 6.5
milligrams daily.42 Thus, the total intake from those sources
alone already greatly exceeds the levels known to cause the third stage
of skeletal fluorosis.
Besides fluoridated water and toothpaste,
many foods contain high levels of flouride compounds due to pesticide
applications. One of the worse offenders is grapes.45 Grape
juice was found to contain more than 6.8 ppm fluoride. The EPA estimates
total fluoride intake from pesticide residues on food and fluoridated
drinking water alone to be 0.095 mg/kg/day, meaning a person weighing 70
kg takes in more than 6.65 mg per day.45b Soy infant formula is high in both fluoride and aluminum, far surpassing the “optimal” dose46,47 and has been shown to be a risk factor in dental fluorosis.48
Tea
In their drive to fluoridate the public
water supplies, dental health officials continue to pretend that no
other sources of fluoride exist. This notion becomes absurd when one
looks at the fluoride content in tea. Tea is very high in fluoride
because tea leaves accumulate more fluoride (from pollution of soil and
air) than any other edible plant.49,50,51 It is well established that fluoride in tea gets absorbed by the body in a manner similar to the fluoride in drinking water.49,52
Fluoride content in tea has risen
dramatically over the last 20 years due to industry contamination.
Recent analyses have revealed a fluoride content of 17.25 mg per teabag
or cup in black tea, and a whopping 22 mg of soluble fluoride ions per
teabag or cup in green tea. Aluminum content was also high–over 8 mg.
Normal steeping time is five minutes. The longer a tea bag steeped, the
more fluoride and aluminum were released. After ten minutes, the
measurable amounts of fluoride and aluminum almost doubled.53
A website by a pro-fluoridation infant medical group states that a cup of black tea contains 7.8 mgs of fluoride54
which is the equivalent amount of fluoride from 7.8 litres of water in
an area fluoridated at 1ppm. Some British and African studies from the
1990s showed a daily fluoride intake of between 5.8 mgs and 9 mgs a day
from tea alone.55, 56, 57 Tea has been found to be a primary cause of dental fluorosis in many international studies.58-70
In Britain, over three-quarters of the population over the age of ten years consumes three cups of tea per day.71Yet
the UK government and the British Dental Association are currently
contemplating fluoridation of public water supplies! In Ireland, average
tea consumption is four cups per day and the drinking water is heavily
fluoridated.
Next to water, tea is the most widely
consumed beverage in the world. Tea can be found in almost 80 percent of
all US households and on any given day, nearly 127 million people–half
of all Americans–drink tea.71
The high content of both aluminum and
fluoride in tea is cause for great concern as aluminum greatly
potentiates fluoride’s effects on G protein activation,72 the on/off switches involved in cell communication and of absolute necessity in thyroid hormone function and regulation.
Fluoride and the Thyroid
The recent re-discovery of hundreds of
papers dealing with the use of fluorides in effective anti-thyroid
medication poses many questions demanding answers.73,74 The
enamel defects observed in hypothyroidism are identical to “dental
fluorosis.” Endemic fluorosis areas have been shown to be the same as
those affected with iodine deficiency, considered to be the world’s
single most important and preventable cause of mental retardation,75
affecting 740 million people a year. Iodine deficiency causes brain
disorders, cretinism, miscarriages and goiter, among many other
diseases. Synthroid, the drug most commonly prescribed for
hypothyroidism, became the top selling drug in the US in 1999, according
to Scott-Levin’s Source Prescription Audit, clearly indicating that
hypothyroidism is a major health problem. Many more millions are thought
to have undiagnosed thyroid problems.
Environment
Every year hundreds and thousands of tons
of fluorides are emitted by industry. Industrial emissions of fluoride
compounds produce elevated concentrations in the atmosphere. Hydrogen
fluoride can exist as a particle, dissolving in clouds, fog, rain, dew,
or snow. In clouds and moist air it will travel along the air currents
until it is deposited as wet acid deposition (acid rain, acid fog, etc.)
In waterways it readily mixes with water.
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), emitted by the
electric power industry, is now among six greenhouse gases specifically
targeted by the international community, through the Kyoto protocol,
for emission reductions to control global warming. The others are carbon
dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), methane
and nitrous oxide (N2O).
SF6 is about 23,900 times more
destructive, pound for pound, than carbon dioxide over the course of 100
years. EPA estimates that some seven-million metric tons of carbon
equivalent (MMTCE) escaped from electric power systems in 1996 alone.
The concentration of SF6 in the atmosphere has reportedly increased by
two orders of magnitude since 1970. Atmospheric models have indicated
that the lifetime of an SF6 molecule in the atmosphere may be over 3000
years.76
The ever-increasing fluoride levels in
food, water and air pose a great threat to human health and to the
environment as evidenced by the endemic of fluorosis worldwide. It is of
utmost urgency that public health officials cease promoting fluoride as
beneficial to our health and address instead the issue of its toxicity.
Sidebars
Symptoms of Fluoride Poisoning
- Black tarry stools
- Bloody vomit
- Faintness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Shallow breathing
- Stomach cramps or pain
- Tremors
- Unusual excitement
- Unusual increase in saliva
- Watery eyes
- Weakness
- Constipation
- Loss of appetite
- Pain and aching of bones
- Skin rash
- Sores in the mouth and on the lips
- Stiffness
- Weight loss
- White, brown or black discoloration of teeth
Long Term Effects of Fluoride
- Accelerated aging
- Immune system dysfunction
- Compromised collagen synthesis
- Cartilage problems
- Bony outgrowths in the spine
- Joint “lock-up”
G Proteins
Signals or communications from one cell
to another, and from the outside of the cell to the inside, are made
possible by the action of special proteins called “G” proteins, which
are found in all animal life, including yeasts. G proteins are so called
because they bind to guanine nucleotides, a major component of DNA and
RNA. G proteins mediate the actions of neurotransmitters, peptide
hormones, odorants and light. In other words, G proteins make it
possible for our nervous systems to function properly and, in
particular, allow for night vision and the sense of smell. All thyroid
function is mediated by G-protein activity. Both aluminum and fluoride
interfere with the activation of G proteins. Thyrotropin, the
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is considered the natural G-protein
activator. Its action is mimicked by fluoride and vastly potentiated by
the presence of aluminum. Pharmacologists estimate that up to 60 percent
of all medicines used today exert their effects through G-protein
signaling pathways. Vitamin A from cod liver oil has been used
successfully to bypass blocked G-protein pathways due to vaccination
damage. (See Autism and Vaccinations.)
Myristic acid, a saturated fatty acid having 14 carbons, plays an
important roll in G-protein function as these signaling proteins require
myristic acid added to one end of the protein. (See Saturated Fats and the Kidneys.) Thus, diets deficient in vitamin A and saturated fats can be expected to contribute to nervous disorders and vision problems.
REFERENCES
(All web addresses were visited before Fall, 2000)
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MMWR 48(41);933-940 (1999),
http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm
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7. Phosphoric Acid Waste Dialogue,Report
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September 1995; Southeast Negotiation Network, Prepared by Gregory
Borne for EPA stakeholders review
8. Government of Australia, National
Pollutant Inventory,
http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/npi/contextual_info/context/fluoride.html
9. ATSDR/USPHS – “Toxicological Profile
for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine (F)” CAS# 16984-48-8,
7664-39-3, 7782-41-4 (1993), http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts11.html
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14. J.Colquhoun, Chief Dental Officer, NZ, International Symposium on Fluoridation, Porte Alegre, Brazil, September 1988
15. Proceedings, City of Orville Vs. Public Utilities Commission of the State of Carlifornia, Orville, CA, October 20-21 (1955)
16. AMA Council Hearing, Chicago, August 7, 1957
17. NTEU – “Why EPA’s Headquarters Union
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J. William Hirzy, Ph.D. ,
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24. Silberman SL, Duncan WK, Trubman A,
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Health Dent 56(2):76-80(1996)
27. Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride,
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Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on
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28. “The Effect of Fluorine On Dental Caries” Journal American Dental Association 31:1360 (1944)
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30. Barrett S, Rovin S (Eds) -“The Tooth
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pp 44-65 (1980)
31. Federal Register, 3/16/79, page 16006
32. Federal Register: December 28, 1995
(Volume 60, Number 249)] Rules and Regulations , Page 67163-67175
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration, 21
CFR Part 101 Docket No. 90N-0134, RIN 0910-AA19
33. The Report of the Department of
Health and Social Subjects, No. 41, Dietary Reference Values, Chapter 36
on fluoride (HMSO 1996). “No essential function for fluoride has been
proven in humans.”
34. “Is Fluoride an Essential Element?” Fluorides, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 66-68 (1971)
35. Richard Maurer and Harry Day, “The Non-Essentiality of Fluorine in Nutrition,” Journal of Nutrition, 62: 61-57(1957)
36. “Applied Chemistry”, Second Edition,
by Prof. William R. Stine, Chapter 19 (see pp. 413 & 416) Allyn and
Bacon, Inc, publishers. “Fluoride has not been shown to be required for
normal growth or reproduction in animals or humans consuming an
otherwise adequate diet, nor for any specific biological function or
mechanism.”
37. National Center for Fluoridation Policy & Research (NCFPR) http://fluoride.oralhealth.org/
38. Kick CH, Bethke RM, Edgington BH,
Wilder OHM, Record PR, Wilder W, Hill TJ, Chase SW – “Fluorine in Animal
Nutrition” Bulletin 558, US Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster,
Ohio (1935)
39. US MINERALS/COMMODITIES DATABASE http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/fluorspar/280396.txt
40. “The problem of providing optimum
fluoride intake for prevention of dental caries” – Food and Nutrition
Board, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Academy of
Sciences, National Research Council, Pub.#294, (1953) “.. a person
drinking fluoridated water may be assumed to ingest only about 1
milligram per day from this source … the development of mottled enamel
is, however, a potential hazard of adding fluorides to food. The total
daily intake of fluoride is the critical quantity.”
41. World Health Organization,
International Drinking Water Standards, 1971.”In the assessment of the
safety of a water supply with respect to the fluoride concentration, the
total daily fluoride intake by the individual must be considered. Apart
from variations in climatic conditions, it is well known that in
certain areas, fluoride containing foods form an important part of the
diet. The facts should be borne in mind in deciding the concentration of
fluoride to be permitted in drinking water.”
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73. History: Fluoride – Iodine Antagonism http://bruha.com/pfpc/html/thyroid_history.html
74. Fluorides – Anti-thyroid Medication http://bruha.com/pfpc/html/thyroid_page.html
75. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PRESS RELEASE, May 25,1999 Iodine Deficiency
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This article appeared in Wise Traditions in Food, Farming and the Healing Arts, the quarterly magazine of the Weston A. Price Foundation, Fall 2000.
